Clean 15… and the dirty dozen (updated list)

Unfortunately so much of the fresh produce we eat isn't subject to the growing conditions we'd like. Toxic chemicals, such as fertilisers, sewage sludge, pesticides and herbicides can be used during the growing process. Pesticide use is widespread in conventionally grown produce and certain fruit and vegetables are found to have particularly high levels of pesticide residue.

Even washing your fruit and veggies before eating won't get rid of all traces of pesticide residue. With ADHD, fertility problems, autoimmune issues, thyroid problems and certain cancers possibly linked to intake of pesticide residue, it's definitely something to be avoided.

Of course, if we could we'd all grow our own produce, or at the very least buy everything organic… but in the real world it's not always possible. Every year pesticide residue levels are meausres and an updated Clean 15 and Dirty Dozen list is published. The Dirty Dozen list (which has actually now grown to 18 items!) is the high pesticide level produce – and the Clean 15 is the produce with the lowest levels of pesticides. If you have to buy non-organic, try to avoid the Dirty Dozen and pick from the Clean 15 list.

And of course, if you're buying imported produce, remember the country of origin may have a completely different pesticide regime – so try to buy local!

Here's the updated lists:

Clean 15

Asparagus
Avocado
Cabbage
Eggplant
Grapefruit
Kiwi Fruit
Mangoes
Mushrooms
Onions
Pineapple
Rock Melon
Sweetcorn
Sweet Peas
Sweet Potato
Water Melon

Dirty 18

Apples
Blueberries
Broccoli
Capsicums
Carrots
Celery
Cherries
Cucumber
Grapes
Kale
Lettuce
Nectarines
Peaches
Pears
Potatoes
Spinach
Strawberries
Zucchini

If you're on a tight budget, I can't recommend farmers markets enough – go at the end of the day and you should get some good deals on local, organic produce. Better still, start a small veggie patch – that way you'll know exactly what you're eating.

How Pesticides Impact Gut Health and Immunity

One of the lesser-discussed impacts of pesticide exposure is how it affects gut health — something central to a paleo lifestyle. The human gut microbiome plays a crucial role in immunity, digestion, and even mood regulation. Research has shown that certain pesticides can disrupt gut flora, reducing beneficial bacteria and encouraging overgrowth of less desirable strains. This microbial imbalance may contribute to leaky gut syndrome, food intolerances, and systemic inflammation.

For anyone focused on healing their gut, reducing pesticide exposure is a smart strategy. Choosing organic options, especially for items on the Dirty 18 list, helps minimise toxin load and supports better gut function. Pair this with fermented foods, bone broth and plenty of fibre-rich vegetables to build a diverse and resilient microbiome.

Understanding the Difference Between Organic and Conventional

Organic certification in Australia means that produce has been grown without synthetic pesticides, herbicides, or genetically modified organisms. Instead, organic farms use natural pest control, crop rotation, composting, and other methods that focus on soil and environmental health. Certified organic products are strictly audited and must meet Australian Certified Organic (ACO) or NASAA Organic standards.

Conventional produce, on the other hand, is grown using a wide array of chemical sprays to maximise yield, prevent spoilage, and manage pests. Even after washing, some of these residues remain on the surface — and in some cases, absorb into the flesh of the produce. That’s why certain fruits and vegetables consistently test high in pesticide levels, especially those with thin skins like berries, spinach and apples.

Washing Produce Properly

While washing won't remove all pesticide residue, doing it correctly can still help reduce your exposure. Soaking fruit and vegetables in a solution of water and vinegar (roughly 1 part vinegar to 3 parts water) for 10–15 minutes can help dislodge some residues. After soaking, scrub firm produce like cucumbers or potatoes with a vegetable brush under running water. For softer items like berries or grapes, rinse gently in a colander under cool water and dry with a clean cloth.

However, for produce on the Dirty 18 list, washing isn’t a substitute for buying organic. If budget permits, prioritise organic versions of these high-risk items whenever possible, particularly for children, who are more vulnerable to chemical exposure due to their developing bodies.

How to Shop Smart on a Budget

Eating clean doesn’t have to break the bank. By being strategic, you can make healthy, lower-pesticide choices even on a limited budget:

• Shop seasonally: Seasonal produce is often cheaper and fresher, with less need for chemical preservation.
• Visit farmers markets: As mentioned earlier, going at the end of the day often means steep discounts. Build relationships with local growers to ask about their farming practices — many use organic methods but aren’t certified due to cost.
• Buy in bulk: Stock up when organic fruit and veg are on special and freeze or preserve what you can’t use immediately.
• Grow your own: Even a few pots of herbs, spinach or cherry tomatoes can help reduce your reliance on commercial produce.
• Use the Clean 15: These items typically carry low pesticide residues, so they’re safer to buy non-organic when needed.

Imported Produce and Hidden Risks

While the Clean 15 and Dirty 18 lists are incredibly helpful, it's also important to consider the country of origin. Different countries have vastly different regulations around pesticide use, with some permitting chemicals that are banned in Australia. Always check labels for country of origin, and favour Australian-grown produce when available.

Imported berries, grapes, apples and spinach are particularly concerning due to both high pesticide use and long storage times. When in doubt, skip imported versions of these items or go organic. Supporting local growers not only reduces your risk, but it also cuts down on food miles and supports Australian agriculture.

Environmental Consequences of Pesticides

Pesticides don’t just affect your body — they also take a heavy toll on the environment. Runoff from farms contaminates waterways, affects pollinators like bees, and damages soil ecosystems. Over time, this leads to a dependence on synthetic fertilisers and pest control, further degrading soil health and crop resilience.

Choosing organically grown produce helps support farming methods that protect the ecosystem and encourage biodiversity. These methods also tend to result in more nutrient-dense food, thanks to healthier soil and natural growth cycles.

Final Thoughts on Clean Eating

While it’s not always realistic to buy 100% organic, the Clean 15 and Dirty 18 lists offer a simple, practical guide to make safer choices when shopping. Focus on what you can do, not what you can’t. Start by switching just one or two items each week, and over time you’ll reduce your exposure to harmful chemicals while supporting your health, your family and the environment.

If you haven’t already, print out or save a copy of the updated Clean 15 and Dirty 18 lists and take them shopping. They’re a powerful tool in making better food decisions, especially when balancing health goals with a limited budget.

Have you noticed a difference in taste, quality or health when switching to organic produce? Or have you had success with growing your own? Share your experiences and tips — the more we learn from each other, the more empowered we become to eat well, safely and sustainably.